Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers and certainly
the most radical of the early modern period. His thought combines a commitment
to a number of Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with
elements from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into a
nonetheless highly original system. His extremely naturalistic views on God,
the world, the human being and knowledge serve to ground a moral philosophy
centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness. They
also lay the foundations for a strongly democratic political thought and a deep
critique of the pretensions of Scripture and sectarian religion. Of all the
philosophers of the seventeenth-century, perhaps none have more relevance today
than Spinoza.
Spinoza's metaphysics of God is neatly summed up in a phrase
that occurs in the Latin edition of the Ethics:
“God, or Nature”, “That eternal and infinite being we call God, or
Nature, acts from the same necessity from which he exists”. It is an ambiguous
phrase, since Spinoza could be read as trying either to divinize nature or to
naturalize God. But for the careful reader there is no mistaking Spinoza's
intention. There are, Spinoza insists, two sides of Nature. First, there is the
active, productive aspect of the universe—God and his attributes, from which
all else follows. This is what Spinoza, employing the same terms he used in
the Short Treatise, calls Natura naturans, “naturing Nature”. Strictly speaking,
this is identical with God. The other aspect of the universe is that which is
produced and sustained by the active aspect.
Spinoza said the organized religion are empty and
meaningless practices, because they had lost their sense of being. He reduces
religion to single moral thing: Love your fellow human beings and treat them
with justice and charity. This is all that is essential to a true religion, and
once again i repeat as he said its a superstition.
Spinoza idea of afterlife was that once you was dead there´s
nothing to do , you are dead and it´s all , that no part of you go to other
parts such you are dead such your body and mind does , there´s no other parts
where you can go or other stuff. Spinoza took the religious doctrine of
immortality as a pernicious propagated by ecclesiastics to manipulate beliefs.
Baruch de Spinoza, one of the most important philosophers of his
time, and certainly the most radical, was excommunicated from Amsterdam's
Sefardic synagogue at the age of twenty-four. The immediate reasons for the
cherem pronounced against him remain hidden, although there are some good
reasons for thinking that he was already propounding the heretical views that
are found in his later writings. In this essay, however, I look closely at the
political context for Spinoza's excommunication, especially in the relationship
between Amsterdam's Jews and Dutch society.
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