ü WHY AREN’T ALL TRUE
BELIEFS JUSTIFIED?
o
We get knowledge by criticizing
the existing theories. Moreover, we need to say that justifications are
circular arguments and infinite regress.
§ Anything we use to justify our theories might be
mistaken. True is objective and corresponds with the facts. Not looking for the
final truth always possible to improve. We can feel absolutely sure our belief
is right and still be wrong. There is knowledge in books so it can’t be belief.
ü WHAT IS AN
ANTI-FOUNDATIONALIST?
o
A person who does not believe that there is some fundamental belief or
principle which is the basic ground or foundation of inquiry and
knowledge.
§ Anti-foundationalists
oppose metaphysical methods.
ü WHY IS IT EASIER TO
FALSIFY A STATEMENT THAN TO VERIFY IT?
o
He grounded this distinction in a logical
asymmetry between falsification and verification of a universal law; this
asymmetry was dependent, in turn, on the equivalence of a universal statement
and a negative existential statement. An "existential statement"
claims that a state of affairs exists somewhere and sometime, for example
"there exists a black swan". A universal statement, such as "all
swans are white", is also the denial of an existential statement:
in this case a denial that "there exists a non-white swan".
§ It is clear that it is much easier to confirm an existential statement
than a universal statement. In order to confirm that a black swan exists we
would only need to see a black swan. In order to confirm that no black swans
exist we would need to trawl through the whole of space and time.
ü WHAT REASONS DOES THE
ARTICLE IN THE ECONOMIST GIVE FOR THE DOUBTFUL QUALITY OF MUCH PUBLISHED
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TODAY? HOW IS FALSIFICATIONISM RELATED TO THIS
PROBLEM?
o
Reasons = Competitiveness of Science, and Careerism.
§ A scientific
philosophy based on the requirement that hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be
scientific; if a claim is not able to be refuted it is not a
scientific claim.
§ Falsificationism relates to this problem because scientists had lost
their taste of self-policing and quality control because of
the obligation to publish something has come to rule over academic life, and
competition for jobs is difficult.
ü HOW IS THE STATEMENT
FORM THE ARTICLE RELATED TO POPPER´S VIEWS? - “(SCIENCE’S) PRIVILEGED STATUS IS
FOUNDED ON THE CAPACITY TO BE RIGHT MOST OF THE TIME AND TO CORRECT ITS
MISTAKES WHEN IT GETS THINGS WRONG.”
o
Definitely, science’s constant improves come as a result of criticism.
§ For Popper, we can
get knowledge by identifying any problem(s) and giving a possible solution to
them.
§ We can use one of his
most famous quotes “Science is perhaps the only human activity in
which errors are systematically criticized and, in time, corrected.”
ü WHAT IS AN OPEN
SOCIETY?
o
Popper defined the open society as one “in which individuals are
confronted with personal decisions” as opposed to a “magical or tribal or
collectivist society.”
§ A society
characterized by a flexible structure, freedom of belief, and wide
dissemination of information.
ü WHAT IS A PARADIGM
SHIFT?
o
Is a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
o
Kuhn argues that scientific advancement is not revolutionary, but rather
is a “series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent
revolutions”, and in those revolutions “one conceptual world view is replaced
by another”.
o
We can think on a Paradigm Shift, as a change form one way of thinking
to another. It’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. It
just does not happen, but rather is driven by agents of change.
ü WHAT IS DISTRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE?
o
It concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods in a
society.
§ A society in which
incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society
guided by the principles of distributive justice.
ü WHAT IS THE VEIL OF
IGNORANCE?
o
According to Rawls, the veil of ignorance is a device that can be used
to help a person determine whether something (an action, an institution or
such) is moral.
§ Lack of knowledge
about a situation.
ü WHY DID JOHN RAWLS
NEED THE VEIL OF IGNORANCE FOR HIS THOUGHT EXPERIMENT?
o
To make people think about the different situations that could happen,
intended to help people and make them aware about a certain situation, but in a
new perspective that they don’t know or understand, and have a clearer way of
thinking.
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